{"id":9891,"date":"2018-05-03T15:23:10","date_gmt":"2018-05-03T15:23:10","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/sbpt.org.br\/portal\/?p=9891"},"modified":"2018-05-03T15:23:10","modified_gmt":"2018-05-03T15:23:10","slug":"caso-clinico-marco-2018","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/sbpt.org.br\/portal\/caso-clinico-marco-2018\/","title":{"rendered":"Caso cl\u00ednico \u2013 Mar\u00e7o 2018"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong>Discutindo o tratamento farmacol\u00f3gico da DPOC<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Autores<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Dr. Paulo Jos\u00e9 Zimmermann Teixeira &#8211; Professor da Faculdade de Medicina da UFCSPA.<br \/>\nMarcelo Ferreira Nogueira &#8211; Residente em Pneumologia da ISCMPA.<br \/>\nMateus Henrique Schneider &#8211; Acad\u00eamico da Faculdade de Medicina da UFCSPA.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Relato do Caso<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Parte 1<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Paciente feminina, 73 anos, ex-tabagista (fumou dos 13 aos 63 anos, 15 cigarros\/dia = 37.5 ma\u00e7os\/ano), refere dispneia progressiva h\u00e1 8 anos, atualmente MRC (Medical Research Council) n\u00edvel 3 e epis\u00f3dio de TEP em 1990. Ocorr\u00eancia de um epis\u00f3dio de exacerba\u00e7\u00e3o com necessidade de antibioticoterapia no \u00faltimo ano. Refere tosse produtiva intensificada no inverno e eventuais sibilos com in\u00edcio h\u00e1 dois anos. Fazia uso irregular de Formoterol + Budesonida, nebuliza\u00e7\u00f5es com Fenoterol + Ipatr\u00f3prio, Omeoprazol 20 mg e Fluoxetina 20 mg diariamente.<\/p>\n<p>Ao exame f\u00edsico, bom estado geral, l\u00facida, orientada, consciente e sem sinais de cianose ou hipocratismo digital. Peso de 71 kg e altura de 1.58 m (IMC de 28,44 kg\/m2). Ausculta card\u00edaca com bulhas normofon\u00e9ticas, ritmo regular em dois tempos e sem sopros. Ausculta pulmonar com murm\u00farios vesiculares difusamente reduzidos. Abd\u00f4men sem altera\u00e7\u00f5es. Membros apresentando boa perfus\u00e3o e sem presen\u00e7a de edema perif\u00e9rico.<\/p>\n<p>Espirometria inicial com CVF = 2.36 (91% do previsto), VEF1 = 1.08 L (53% do previsto), VEF1\/CVF = 46 (56% do previsto), PEF = 4.07 (79% do previsto), CPT = 4.69 (106% do previsto), CI = 1.56, VR = 2.11 (116% do previsto) e DLCO = 2.8 (45% do previsto).<\/p>\n<p>Ao exame radiogr\u00e1fico e \u00e0 tomografia computadorizada, a paciente apresenta extensas \u00e1reas enfisematosas comprometendo ter\u00e7o m\u00e9dio e ter\u00e7o superior bilateralmente (figuras 1 a 7).<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_9896\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-9896\" style=\"width: 400px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-9896 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/d1xe7tfg0uwul9.cloudfront.net\/sbpt-portal\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/05\/caso03_mar18_01.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"400\" height=\"328\" srcset=\"https:\/\/d1xe7tfg0uwul9.cloudfront.net\/sbpt-portal\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/05\/caso03_mar18_01.jpg 400w, https:\/\/d1xe7tfg0uwul9.cloudfront.net\/sbpt-portal\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/05\/caso03_mar18_01-300x246.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-9896\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figura 1<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<figure id=\"attachment_9897\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-9897\" style=\"width: 400px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-9897 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/d1xe7tfg0uwul9.cloudfront.net\/sbpt-portal\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/05\/caso03_mar18_02.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"400\" height=\"456\" srcset=\"https:\/\/d1xe7tfg0uwul9.cloudfront.net\/sbpt-portal\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/05\/caso03_mar18_02.jpg 400w, https:\/\/d1xe7tfg0uwul9.cloudfront.net\/sbpt-portal\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/05\/caso03_mar18_02-263x300.jpg 263w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-9897\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figura 2<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_9898\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-9898\" style=\"width: 400px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-9898\" src=\"https:\/\/d1xe7tfg0uwul9.cloudfront.net\/sbpt-portal\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/05\/caso03_mar18_03.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"400\" height=\"258\" srcset=\"https:\/\/d1xe7tfg0uwul9.cloudfront.net\/sbpt-portal\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/05\/caso03_mar18_03.jpg 400w, https:\/\/d1xe7tfg0uwul9.cloudfront.net\/sbpt-portal\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/05\/caso03_mar18_03-300x194.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-9898\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figura 3<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_9899\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-9899\" style=\"width: 400px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-9899\" src=\"https:\/\/d1xe7tfg0uwul9.cloudfront.net\/sbpt-portal\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/05\/caso03_mar18_04.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"400\" height=\"264\" srcset=\"https:\/\/d1xe7tfg0uwul9.cloudfront.net\/sbpt-portal\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/05\/caso03_mar18_04.jpg 400w, https:\/\/d1xe7tfg0uwul9.cloudfront.net\/sbpt-portal\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/05\/caso03_mar18_04-300x198.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-9899\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figura 4<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_9900\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-9900\" style=\"width: 400px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-9900\" src=\"https:\/\/d1xe7tfg0uwul9.cloudfront.net\/sbpt-portal\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/05\/caso03_mar18_05.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"400\" height=\"278\" srcset=\"https:\/\/d1xe7tfg0uwul9.cloudfront.net\/sbpt-portal\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/05\/caso03_mar18_05.jpg 400w, https:\/\/d1xe7tfg0uwul9.cloudfront.net\/sbpt-portal\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/05\/caso03_mar18_05-300x209.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-9900\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figura 5<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_9901\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-9901\" style=\"width: 400px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-9901\" src=\"https:\/\/d1xe7tfg0uwul9.cloudfront.net\/sbpt-portal\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/05\/caso03_mar18_06.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"400\" height=\"293\" srcset=\"https:\/\/d1xe7tfg0uwul9.cloudfront.net\/sbpt-portal\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/05\/caso03_mar18_06.jpg 400w, https:\/\/d1xe7tfg0uwul9.cloudfront.net\/sbpt-portal\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/05\/caso03_mar18_06-300x220.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-9901\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figura 6<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_9902\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-9902\" style=\"width: 400px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-9902\" src=\"https:\/\/d1xe7tfg0uwul9.cloudfront.net\/sbpt-portal\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/05\/caso03_mar18_07.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"400\" height=\"299\" srcset=\"https:\/\/d1xe7tfg0uwul9.cloudfront.net\/sbpt-portal\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/05\/caso03_mar18_07.jpg 400w, https:\/\/d1xe7tfg0uwul9.cloudfront.net\/sbpt-portal\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/05\/caso03_mar18_07-300x224.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-9902\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figura 7<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Quest\u00e3o \u2013 Dada a sua condi\u00e7\u00e3o cl\u00ednica, o seu hist\u00f3rico m\u00e9dico pregresso e os seus exames complementares, qual a estrat\u00e9gia terap\u00eautica mais adequada para a paciente em quest\u00e3o?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>(a) &#8211; Modificar tratamento para LABA+LAMA+ICS.<br \/>\n(b) &#8211; Cirurgia redutora de volume pulmonar.<br \/>\n(c) &#8211; Tratamento endosc\u00f3pico com v\u00e1lvulas endobr\u00f4nquicas.<br \/>\n(d) &#8211; Manter Formoterol + Budesonida e Reabilita\u00e7\u00e3o Pulmonar.<br \/>\n(e) &#8211; Modificar tratamento para LABA+LAMA e reabilita\u00e7\u00e3o pulmonar.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Discuss\u00e3o da op\u00e7\u00e3o A \u2013 O benef\u00edcio question\u00e1vel da utiliza\u00e7\u00e3o de corticosteroides inal\u00e1veis.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>A iniciativa GOLD \u2013 2018 (Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease) recomenda a utiliza\u00e7\u00e3o de broncodilatadores de a\u00e7\u00e3o curta para todos os grupos de pacientes estratificados conforme a gravidade da doen\u00e7a. Al\u00e9m disso, a utiliza\u00e7\u00e3o combinada de broncodilatadores LABA + LAMA \u00e9 indicada para pacientes com dispneia intensa, mas baixo risco de ocorr\u00eancia de exacerba\u00e7\u00e3o, sempre levando em conta a disponibilidade do tratamento, os efeitos colaterais e a resposta individual. A recomenda\u00e7\u00e3o de corticosteroides inalat\u00f3rios se restringe, de forma geral, a pacientes que possuam altos riscos de desenvolvimento de exacerba\u00e7\u00e3o (Fernandes et al., 2017).<\/p>\n<p>O quadro clinico apresentado pela paciente favorece a escolha terap\u00eautica de combina\u00e7\u00e3o de broncodilatadores LABA + LAMA em fun\u00e7\u00e3o da dispneia intensa (MRC 3). Os principais benef\u00edcios obtidos com essa abordagem incluem a melhora do estado geral de sa\u00fade, o incremento da capacidade funcional, o aumento da toler\u00e2ncia ao exerc\u00edcio, a redu\u00e7\u00e3o da progress\u00e3o da doen\u00e7a e a redu\u00e7\u00e3o da mortalidade associada.<\/p>\n<p>De forma contr\u00e1ria, ainda que a paciente apresente, em seu hist\u00f3rico m\u00e9dico pregresso, um epis\u00f3dio de exacerba\u00e7\u00e3o com necessidade de antibioticoterapia, dentro de todo o espectro de desenvolvimento de sua doen\u00e7a, n\u00e3o h\u00e1 uma tend\u00eancia clara para a ocorr\u00eancia frequente de exacerba\u00e7\u00f5es.<br \/>\nDessa forma, refutamos a possibilidade de manuten\u00e7\u00e3o de administra\u00e7\u00e3o de corticoides inalat\u00f3rios (CI).<\/p>\n<p><strong>Discuss\u00e3o da op\u00e7\u00e3o B \u2013 Indica\u00e7\u00f5es, benef\u00edcios e riscos da cirurgia redutora de volume pulmonar (CRVP).<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Os crit\u00e9rios de indica\u00e7\u00e3o para a realiza\u00e7\u00e3o da CRVP (National Emphysema Treatment Trial Research Group, 2003) da paciente incluem: idade inferior a 75 anos, ex-fumante h\u00e1 mais de seis meses, caracteriza\u00e7\u00e3o cl\u00ednica de enfisema, hiperinsufla\u00e7\u00e3o pulmonar constatada em radiografia de t\u00f3rax, TC de alta resolu\u00e7\u00e3o evidenciando enfisema especialmente nos lobos superiores.<\/p>\n<p>Devemos observar, no entanto, que segundo o mesmo estudo (National Emphysema Treatment Trial Research Group, 2003) a paciente n\u00e3o cumpriu crit\u00e9rios importantes para indica\u00e7\u00e3o de tratamento invasivo, a saber: manuten\u00e7\u00e3o da dispneia a despeito de terapia medicamentosa m\u00e1xima e ter realizado um PRP.<\/p>\n<p>Dessa forma, embora tenha crit\u00e9rio de imagem para CRVP, ainda n\u00e3o est\u00e1 com broncodilata\u00e7\u00e3o m\u00e1xima e nem realizou reabilita\u00e7\u00e3o pulmonar. Portanto, descartou-se a possibilidade de realizar a CRVP num primeiro momento.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Discuss\u00e3o da op\u00e7\u00e3o C \u2013 Indica\u00e7\u00f5es, benef\u00edcios e riscos do tratamento endosc\u00f3pico com v\u00e1lvulas endobr\u00f4nquicas.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Embora o tratamento endosc\u00f3pico com v\u00e1lvulas se apresente como uma possibilidade terap\u00eautica para pacientes com DPOC e enfisema severo, a terapia medicamentosa, a reabilita\u00e7\u00e3o pulmonar e a cessa\u00e7\u00e3o do tabagismo continuam sendo a base da terap\u00eautica para esses pacientes (Eberhardt, Gompelmann, Herth &amp; Schumann, 2015).<\/p>\n<p>Pacientes que se apresentam como poss\u00edveis candidatos para o tratamento com v\u00e1lvulas endobr\u00f4nquicas devem ter um VEF1 &lt; 40% (do previsto) e um quadro de hiperinsufla\u00e7\u00e3o severa com VR &gt; 200% (do previsto). Al\u00e9m disso, comorbidades que podem resultar em risco devem ser levadas em considera\u00e7\u00e3o (Eberhardt et al., 2015). Segundo esses crit\u00e9rios, a paciente ainda n\u00e3o se enquadraria na popula\u00e7\u00e3o indicada para a realiza\u00e7\u00e3o desse procedimento.<\/p>\n<p>Da mesma forma que foi considerado para o tratamento com CRVP, uma abordagem inicial mais racional envolveria o emprego de t\u00e9cnicas terap\u00eauticas menos invasivas e de menor risco para a paciente. Dessa forma, descartamos a possibilidade de realiza\u00e7\u00e3o de tratamento endosc\u00f3pico com v\u00e1lvulas endobr\u00f4nquicas num momento inicial.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Discuss\u00e3o da op\u00e7\u00e3o D \u2013 Abordagem padronizada com PRP e com farmacoterapia usual: v\u00e1lido em todos os casos?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Ainda que uma abordagem terap\u00eautica para pacientes com DPOC deva incluir a reabilita\u00e7\u00e3o pulmonar associada ao tratamento farmacol\u00f3gico, v\u00e1rios estudos demonstram que mais de 50% dos pacientes GOLD A utilizam a combina\u00e7\u00e3o de LABA + ICS sem necessidade. Desta forma, a terap\u00eautica seguindo os princ\u00edpios da medicina personalizada seria muito mais vantajosa.<br \/>\nConforme discutido previamente, a utiliza\u00e7\u00e3o de CI em pacientes sem risco elevado de exacerba\u00e7\u00e3o parece n\u00e3o ser vantajosa. Dessa forma, descartamos a abordagem com essa classe medicamentosa para a paciente.<\/p>\n<p>A terapia medicamentosa com broncodilatadores de a\u00e7\u00e3o longa \u00e9 a base do tratamento para pacientes com DPOC. A combina\u00e7\u00e3o desses medicamentos, mas de classes farmacol\u00f3gicas distintas, tem-se mostrado mais eficaz que a monoterapia (Anzueto &amp; Miravitlles, 2018). Dessa forma, a farmacoterapia mais racional para esse caso seria a baseada na combina\u00e7\u00e3o de duas classes diferentes de broncodilatadores, em detrimento da utiliza\u00e7\u00e3o de somente um representante.<\/p>\n<p>Um estudo realizado na Espanha demonstrou que tabagistas com n\u00edvel elevado de atividade f\u00edsica demoravam mais tempo para apresentar dispneia e para a primeira interna\u00e7\u00e3o hospitalar (Garcya-Almerich, Lange, Benet, Schnohr &amp; Ant\u00f3, 2006). Da mesma forma, uma ampla base de evid\u00eancia demonstra as vantagens da reabilita\u00e7\u00e3o pulmonar na melhora da dispneia, sintoma cardinal e de causa multifatorial na DPOC, redu\u00e7\u00e3o das exacerba\u00e7\u00f5es e do n\u00famero de interna\u00e7\u00f5es hospitalares, menor utiliza\u00e7\u00e3o dos servi\u00e7os de sa\u00fade e melhora nas atividades de vida di\u00e1ria, melhora na qualidade de vida e redu\u00e7\u00e3o na mortalidade (Celli, Stoller &amp; Hollingsworth, 2017; Puhan, Scharplatz, Troosters &amp; Steurer, 2005).<\/p>\n<p><strong>Abordagem terap\u00eautica adotada no caso: LABA + LAMA e reabilita\u00e7\u00e3o pulmonar.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>A paciente foi inclu\u00edda num programa de reabilita\u00e7\u00e3o pulmonar envolvendo avalia\u00e7\u00e3o m\u00e9dica, fisioterap\u00eautica, nutricional e psicol\u00f3gica, composto por 24 sess\u00f5es de treinamento f\u00edsico, al\u00e9m de uma sess\u00e3o semanal de grupo com psiquiatria.<\/p>\n<p>Em avalia\u00e7\u00e3o inicial, a paciente realizou teste de caminhada de seis minutos e ergoespirometria, cuja curva fluxo\/volume abaixo demonstra a presen\u00e7a de hiperinsufla\u00e7\u00e3o de 500 ml no pico do exerc\u00edcio. A paciente tamb\u00e9m foi submetida \u00e0 aplica\u00e7\u00e3o do question\u00e1rio do hospital Saint George para doen\u00e7a respirat\u00f3ria (SGRQ) para avalia\u00e7\u00e3o da qualidade de vida.<\/p>\n<p>1) &#8211; Curvas de fluxo \u2013 volume demonstrando hiperinsufla\u00e7\u00e3o durante o exerc\u00edcio e queda de 0.5 L (2.21 L no in\u00edcio do exerc\u00edcio; 1.71 L no pico do exerc\u00edcio) do volume inspirat\u00f3rio:<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-9903\" src=\"https:\/\/d1xe7tfg0uwul9.cloudfront.net\/sbpt-portal\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/05\/caso03_mar18_08.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"647\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https:\/\/d1xe7tfg0uwul9.cloudfront.net\/sbpt-portal\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/05\/caso03_mar18_08.jpg 647w, https:\/\/d1xe7tfg0uwul9.cloudfront.net\/sbpt-portal\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/05\/caso03_mar18_08-300x167.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 647px) 100vw, 647px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Avalia\u00e7\u00e3o da resposta terap\u00eautica<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Os resultados obtidos pela paciente ap\u00f3s a realiza\u00e7\u00e3o das 24 sess\u00f5es de treinamento f\u00edsico e demais componentes do PRP e a farmacoterapia combinada de broncodilatadores encontram-se na tabela a seguir.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-9904\" src=\"https:\/\/d1xe7tfg0uwul9.cloudfront.net\/sbpt-portal\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/05\/caso03_mar18_09.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"742\" height=\"137\" srcset=\"https:\/\/d1xe7tfg0uwul9.cloudfront.net\/sbpt-portal\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/05\/caso03_mar18_09.jpg 742w, https:\/\/d1xe7tfg0uwul9.cloudfront.net\/sbpt-portal\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/05\/caso03_mar18_09-300x55.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 742px) 100vw, 742px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>No TC6M, a dist\u00e2ncia percorrida aumentou em 236 metros (aumento de 115%), o n\u00edvel de percep\u00e7\u00e3o de dispneia diminuiu em 1 ponto na escala modificada de Borg e a limita\u00e7\u00e3o imposta pela dispneia medida pela escala MRC diminuiu em 1 ponto, demonstrando a melhora da paciente em termos de incremento de capacidade funcional e ganho de resist\u00eancia ao exerc\u00edcio.<\/p>\n<p>Quanto \u00e0 qualidade de vida da paciente, observamos uma melhora em todos os dom\u00ednios do SGRQ, n\u00e3o sendo clinicamente significativo somente para o dom\u00ednio de atividades, ainda que demonstrando evolu\u00e7\u00e3o positiva. Al\u00e9m disso, observamos que as escalas de ansiedade e de depress\u00e3o de Beck (BAI e BDI, respectivamente) tamb\u00e9m apresentaram melhoras com a abordagem terap\u00eautica empregada.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Referencias Bibliogr\u00e1ficas<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>1. Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD): Global Strategy for the Diagnosis, Management, and Prevention of COPD 2018.<a href=\"http:\/\/www.goldcopd.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> www.goldcopd.org<\/a> (Accessed on March 22, 2018).<\/p>\n<p>2. SCIURBA, Frank C. et al. A randomized study of endobronchial valves for advanced emphysema. New Engl J Med 2010; 363(13): 1233-1244.<\/p>\n<p>3. FERNANDES, Frederico Leon Arrabal et al. Recommendations for the pharmacological treatment of COPD: questions and answers. J. Bras. Pneumol. 2017; 43(4): 290-301.<\/p>\n<p>4. NATIONAL EMPHYSEMA TREATMENT TRIAL RESEARCH GROUP. A randomized trial comparing lung-volume\u2013reduction surgery with medical therapy for severe emphysema. New Engl J Med 2003; 348(21): 2059-2073.<\/p>\n<p>5. EBERHARDT, Ralf et al. Endoscopic bronchial valve treatment: patient selection and special considerations. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis. 2015; 10: 2147-57.<\/p>\n<p>6. ANZUETO, Antonio; MIRAVITLLES, Marc. The Role of Fixed-Dose Dual Bronchodilator Therapy in Treating COPD. Am J Med, 2018.<\/p>\n<p>7. Bartolome R Celli. Pulmonary rehabilitation. Post TW, ed. UpToDate. Waltham, MA: UpToDate Inc. <a href=\"http:\/\/www.uptodate.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http:\/\/www.uptodate.com<\/a> (Accessed on March 27, 2018.).<\/p>\n<p>8. PUHAN, Milo A. et al. Respiratory rehabilitation after acute exacerbation of COPD may reduce risk for readmission and mortality\u2013a systematic review. Respir. Res. 2005; 6(1): 54.<\/p>\n<p>9. MCCARTHY, Bernard et al. Pulmonary rehabilitation for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database Sys Rev, 2015.<\/p>\n<p>10. NATIONAL EMPHYSEMA TREATMENT TRIAL RESEARCH GROUP. A randomized trial comparing lung-volume\u2013reduction surgery with medical therapy for severe emphysema. New Engl J Med 2003; 348(21): 2059-73.<\/p>\n<p>11. GARCIA-AYMERICH, Judith et al. Regular physical activity reduces hospital admission and mortality in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a population based cohort study. Thorax 2006; 61(9): 772-778.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Resposta \u00e0 quest\u00e3o: E<\/p>\n<!-- AddThis Advanced Settings generic via filter on the_content --><!-- AddThis Share Buttons generic via filter on the_content -->","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Discutindo o tratamento farmacol\u00f3gico da DPOC Autores Dr. Paulo Jos\u00e9 Zimmermann Teixeira &#8211; Professor da Faculdade de Medicina da UFCSPA. Marcelo Ferreira Nogueira &#8211; Residente em Pneumologia da ISCMPA. Mateus Henrique Schneider &#8211; Acad\u00eamico da Faculdade de Medicina da UFCSPA. Relato do Caso Parte 1 Paciente feminina, 73 anos, ex-tabagista (fumou dos 13 aos 63 [&hellip;]<!-- AddThis Advanced Settings generic via filter on get_the_excerpt --><!-- AddThis Share Buttons generic via filter on get_the_excerpt --><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"ngg_post_thumbnail":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[15,217],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-9891","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-acesso-restrito","category-casos-clinicos-2018"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.6 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Caso cl\u00ednico \u2013 Mar\u00e7o 2018 - sbpt.org.br<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/sbpt.org.br\/portal\/caso-clinico-marco-2018\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"pt_BR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Caso cl\u00ednico \u2013 Mar\u00e7o 2018 - sbpt.org.br\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Discutindo o tratamento farmacol\u00f3gico da DPOC Autores Dr. Paulo Jos\u00e9 Zimmermann Teixeira &#8211; Professor da Faculdade de Medicina da UFCSPA. 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